Style of management and the relevance for workplace health promotion in small and medium sized enterprises

In a small company, the whole company culture, including the management style, is dominated by the owner. The management culture in small companies and above all the management style of the owner determine the chances of successfully introducing workplace health promotion (WHP). For this reason a typology was developed that describes the management personalities who affect the company culture in small enterprises. This provides a guide to the possible success of WHP in connection with the management style. Although a summary of the management and corporate culture of small companies in a few categories cannot show the variety of social reality, it can provide orientation. The typical categories of company social order (a mixture of ownership and leadership) in small and medium-sized enterprises are given below. Furthermore, there is an assessment of what the chances of realising workplace health promotion are in each type of company. Small and medium-sized companies (SME) have a number of organisational characteristics which are just ideal for the introduction and implementation of workplace health promotion. The work of the employer and employees is often the same. Information in the company is generally comprehensive and easily available. The lack of information which employees often complain about in large companies is not a problem. There is a good flow of communication. Small companies have a flat hierarchy that enables participation, the essential requirement for WHP. There is a close social relationship between the company head and the workforce, although it must be said that this closeness can be dangerous, particularly if it is misused as complete social control. The readiness to implement Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) in SME and the degree of success depends largely on the personality of the company manager and the style of leadership. Considering the importance of a manager’s personality for WHP in SME, modules and instruments to assist company owners and managers in SME are to be developed. On behalf of and in co-operation with the Austrian Network for Workplace Health Promotion several modules have been introduced to assist owners and managers of SMEs.     

某石化企业周围人群呼吸道疾病危险因素分析

对某石化企业调查结果表明：其周围环境空气中ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＴＳＰ、非甲烷总烃等污染指标不同程度超标,企业职工及附近居民呼吸道疾病患病率明显高于对照人群（Ｐ＜０．０５）,职业、文化程度、吸烟、家用燃料、人均住房面积、环境空气质量指数是影响人群呼吸道疾病发生的危险因素,最高相对危险度ＲＲ值为４．９２７。     

广东省涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害情况调查分析

目的　了解广东省涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害情况,为防治措施提供科学依据。方法　对１９９２ ～１９９６ 年进行的《广东省涉外乡镇企业职业危害状况调查》的噪声危害情况资料进行研究分析。结果　在广东省涉外乡镇企业中,接触噪声的工人占接触职业有害因素工人的３２－０６ ％ ,噪声作业点超标率为３１－３２ ％ ,接触噪声工人的高频损伤和语音损伤总检出率为８－９２ ％ ;在没有得到有效的防护措施的保护情况下,超时间暴露在严重超标的噪声环境,是造成噪声对工人身体危害的主要原因。结论　噪声是广东省涉外乡镇企业主要的职业危害因素之一。禁止落后生产设备的使用,加强“三同时”管理和个人防护措施的落实,提高工人自我保护意识,避免超时工作,是预防涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害的主要措施。     

Hand-arm vibration syndrome and its prevalence in the present status of private forestry enterprises in Japan

Summary Currently there are no limitations on age of employment on private forestries in Japan. Hence, it was hypothesized that in these kind of enterprises, elderly chain saw operators, or those with long-term exposure, might be at higher risk of developing hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). We consequently investigated the prevalence of HAVS in 447 chain saw workers on private forestries in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, with particular reference to age and exposure period. Of this population, 43 (9.6%) had signs and symptoms of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), and among these workers the severity of finger blanching was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with the exposure period. Classification of all subjects by exposure period showed that workers with 30 years' exposure had higher prevalences of VWF (20.9%) and numbness of the hands (25.4%) compared to other groups. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between the functional capacities of workers with VWF and those of control subjects. We concluded that (a) the elderly chain saw operators and those with longer exposure should be moved to other jobs with a lower or no risk of exposure to vibration, and (b) the results of screening tests, even without cold water immersion (which we did not employ, in order to protect workers' hands), could be helpful for the identification of workers with VWF.     

陕西省药品经营企业GSP认证调查研究

目的:找出解决GSP认证中存在问题的有效途径,为政府相关部门进一步制订法规、政策提供参考。方法:采用实地调研的方法分析陕西省药品经营企业在GSP认证过程中存在的实际问题。结果与结论:只有多方配合,进一步提高各类人员素质,明确各自职责,规范各项管理制度,GSP认证才能顺利实施。     

我国民营医药批发企业SWOT分析及发展策略

目的 :为我国民营医药批发企业改革提供参考。方法 :分析我国民营医药批发企业的优势、劣势、机会与威胁。结果与结论 :不失时机地对我国民营医药批发企业进行适当整合有利于促进其健康发展。     

从药品的特殊属性谈医药企业的服务营销

目的 :探讨我国医药企业在市场竞争日益激烈的现状下的服务营销策略选择。方法 :分析处方药品和非处方药品的服务特性 ,并介绍药品市场营销的新观念———服务营销的发展及应用。结果与结论 :医药企业的服务营销应针对处方药品走服务的差异化、有形化、规范化道路 ;针对非处方药品走服务的标准化、技巧化、品牌化道路。     

Work Place Health Promotion

This article deals with the question of whether and how much workplace health promotion measures have infiltrated the working world and which factors determined the results of health promotion programs for the enterprises. To answer this question we conducted a longitudinal study (measuring times: 1997 and 2003) in 150 enterprises in Hessen and Thueringen of the service sector and metal branch. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the data. One of the results was that the high level of occupational safety and health (OSH) obtained was greatly appreciated by the enterprises interviewed. Many of the enterprises (82.7%) were able to implement at least one workplace health promotion (WHP) measure, mostly assessments of occupational health risks and behavior-oriented offers. The portion of businesses with a very good to sufficient level of workplace health promotion increased clearly from 16.0% in 1997 to 27.4% in 2003. Half of the enterprises interviewed confirmed the need for information and consultation in questions about occupational safety and health issues and workplace health promotion. They expected support particularly from the institutions for statutory occupational accident insurance, health insurance companies, public institutions for labor protection and safety engineering, as well as from the advisory boards of the trade unions. These institutions definitely need to address the consultation requests from the enterprises, as the lack of information and contact persons was one of the reasons why workplace health promotion measures could not be implemented.This study was commissioned by the Hans Boeckler Foundation and the SMBG and translated by Evelyn Jäck     

对药品零售连锁业有关问题的思考

目的:规范药品连锁企业经营行为,促进药品连锁行业健康发展。方法:分析目前药品连锁企业存在的突出问题,并提出相应对策与措施。结果与结论:只有制订规范且配套的管理措施,药品连锁业才能健康、有序发展。     

上海市杨浦区涉苯企业职业卫生危害现状调查

目的调查涉苯企业贯彻国家职业卫生法规执行情况及现状,为建立辖区职业卫生监督的有效管理提供依据.方法依据<中华人民共和国职业病防治法>、<使用有毒物品作业场所劳动保护条例>等法律、法规和国家职业卫生标准,依法对辖区60家涉苯企业进行监督检查.结果部分用人单位法制意识淡薄,作业场所职业病危害因素检测与评价等管理制度及措施不健全 ,作业场所三苯浓度抽测点合格率为87.1%,其中7家企业三苯浓度超过国家卫生标准,苯白血病检出1例,检出率为17.7/10万.结论用人单位在职业卫生管理方面与国家职业卫生法律、法规要求尚有较大差距,潜在职业危害依然存在.因此,建立有效的职业卫生监督管理机制,是治本之策.